Difference of Positivism, Interpretative Social Science and Critical Social Science

	Positivism	Interpretative Social Science	Critical Social Science
1. Reason for research	To discover natural laws so people can predict and control events	To discover and describe meaningful social action	To smash myths and empower people to change society radically
2. Nature of social reality	Stable preexisting patterns or order that can be discover	Fluid defenitions of a situation created by human interaction	Conflict filled and governed by hidden underlying structures
3. Nature of human beings	Self interested and rational individuals who are shaped by external forces	Social beings who createmeaning and who constantly make sense of their worlds	Creative, adaptive people with unrealized potential, trapped by illusion and exploitation
4. Role of common sense	Clearly distinc from and less valid than science	Powerful everyday theories used by ordinary people	False belief that hide power and objective conditions
5. Theory looks like	A logical, deductive system of interconnected definitions, axioms and laws	A description how a groups’s meaning system is generated and sustained	A critique that reveals true conditions and helps people see the way to a better world
6. An explanation that is true	Is logically connected to laws and based on facts	Resonates or feel rights to those who are being studied	Supplies people with tools needed to change the world
7. Good evidence	Is based on precise observations that others can repeat	Is embedded in the context or fluid social interactions	Is informed by a theory that unveils illusions
8. Place for values	Science is value free, and values have no place except when choosing a topic	Values are an integral part of social life: no group’s values are wrong, only different	All science must begin with a value position: some positions are right, some are wrong
9.Metode Penelitian	Kuantitatif - Survey - Eksperimen - Evaluasi	Kualitatif - Ethnography -Thick Description - Fenomenologi	Kualitatif -Participatory research (PAR)