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Positivism
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Interpretative Social Science
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Critical Social Science
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1. Reason for research
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To discover natural laws so people can predict and control events
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To discover and describe meaningful social action
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To smash myths and empower people to change society radically
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2. Nature of social reality
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Stable preexisting patterns or order that can be discover
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Fluid defenitions of a situation created by human interaction
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Conflict filled and governed by hidden underlying structures
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3. Nature of human beings
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Self interested and rational individuals who are shaped by external
forces
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Social beings who createmeaning and who constantly make sense of
their worlds
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Creative, adaptive people with unrealized potential, trapped by
illusion and exploitation
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4. Role of common sense
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Clearly distinc from and less valid than science
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Powerful everyday theories used by ordinary people
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False belief that hide power and objective conditions
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5. Theory looks like
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A logical, deductive system of interconnected definitions, axioms and
laws
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A description how a groups’s meaning system is generated and
sustained
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A critique that reveals true conditions and helps people see the way
to a better world
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6. An explanation that is true
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Is logically connected to laws and based on facts
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Resonates or feel rights to those who are being studied
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Supplies people with tools needed to change the world
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7. Good evidence
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Is based on precise observations that others can repeat
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Is embedded in the context or fluid social interactions
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Is informed by a theory that unveils illusions
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8. Place for values
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Science is value free, and values have no place except when choosing
a topic
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Values are an integral part of social life: no group’s values are
wrong, only different
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All science must begin with a value position: some positions are
right, some are wrong
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9.Metode Penelitian
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Kuantitatif
- Survey
- Eksperimen
- Evaluasi
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Kualitatif
- Ethnography
-Thick Description
- Fenomenologi
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Kualitatif
-Participatory research (PAR)
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Difference of Positivism, Interpretative Social Science and Critical Social Science
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